Cross-Border VAT Considerations for UK Companies Post-Brexit

Since the United Kingdom officially left the European Union on 31 January 2020, and the transition period ended on 31 December 2020, UK businesses have faced a dramatically different landscape when it comes to trading across borders. One of the most complex and significant changes has been in the area of Value Added Tax (VAT). Previously governed b

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Actuarial Valuation of Complex Financial Guarantees

Financial guarantees are integral components of various financial and insurance products, offering security to investors and policyholders by mitigating specific risks. These guarantees, often embedded in life insurance, annuities, or structured financial products, ensure a minimum level of return or benefit, regardless of market conditions. While

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